PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF IRAQ
This new study is a comprehensive report on “Petroleum Geology
of Iraq” and is based on the analysis of an extensive database.
The report contains a combination of well data, field summaries, the geological
/sequence stratigraphy and hydrocarbon habitats of Iraq .
This report provides an up-to-date overview of the petroleum geology of
the region relevant to hydrocarbon exploration. The report assesses the
various plays and provides a comprehensive database of wells and fields
and hydrocarbon exploration potential in the country.
The report is in SIX volumes:
Volume 1: Details of the country geological/structural framework with a new sequence stratigraphy, sedimentary cycles and their deposition, hydrocarbon habitat and potential plays with bibliography (reservoirs, source rocks and traps)..
Volume 2: Summary data sheets for the 17 major oil fields with cross sections and maps.
Volume 3: 50 wells with composite logs, electric logs with formation names and identification of sequence stratigraphic boundary.
Volume 4 - (Part One): 60 Exploration wells with each contains detailed information such as formation name, age and thickness, general lithology, production test, show data, casing interval and lithostratigraphic log.
Volume 4- (Part Two): 24 wells with basic information on each wells, formation thickness with age and general lithology, well status and casing interval
Volume 5: Fourteen fields with basic information on each well in the field, include formation thickness and age, general lithology, casing and status of each well.
Volume 6: Bibliography and Geological Abstracts.
The "PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF IRAQ" is an update overview and is essential for all those interested in the petroleum geology of the country that has the Middle East ’s second largest hydrocarbons reserves
VOLUME ONE
The report provides a comprehensive evaluation of the country. It includes on regional geological setting sequence, stratigraphy, lithostratigraphy, structural evolution, geological history and exploration and production history. It then goes on to analyse the factors controlling hydrocarbon generation and entrapment with sections on geochemistry/hydrocarbon character, source rocks, thermal maturity, hydrocarbon migration, reservoirs, seals and traps. Particular trap types illustrated by descriptions of appropriate fields. Production data and a review of the petroleum infrastructure are also incorporated.
The final section is an assessment of the unexplored hydrocarbon potential plays of the country. The report contains numerous text figures and tables as well as accompanying maps, charts and cross sections (including isopach, structure and facies maps) and bibliography.
VOLUME TWO
OIL FIELD DATA SHEETS
1. Naft Khanah Oil Field
2. Abu Ghurab Oil Field
3. Ain Zalah Oil Field
4. Butmah Oil Field
5. Buzurgan Oil Field
6. Rumaila (North and South) Oil Field
7. Bai Hassan Oil Field
8. Jambur Oil Field
9. Kirkuk Oil Field
10. Zubair Oil Field
11. Khabbaz Oil Field
12. Qaiyarah Oil Field
13. Najmah Oil Field
14. Qasab Oil Field
15. Akkaz Oil Field
16. West Qurna Oil Field
17. Nahr Umr Oil Field
VOLUME THREE
50 wells with electric logs with lithostratigraphy and identification of sequence stratigraphic boundary.
| Adaiyah-1 | Afaq-1 | Ain Zalah-16 | Ain Zalah-22 |
| Alan-1 | Alan-2 | Anah-2 | Atshan-1 |
| Bai Hassan-6 | Bai Hassan-13 | Butmah-2 | Butmah-7 |
| Chemchemal-2 | Demir Dagh-1 | Dujaila-1 | Fallujah-1 |
| Ghalaisan-1 | Gilabat-1 | Gullar-1 | Gusair-1 |
| Ibrahim-1 | Injana-5 | Jambur-5 | Khleisia-1 |
| Kifl-1 | Kirkuk-109 | Kirkuk-115 | Kirkuk-130 |
| Makhul-2 | Mileh Tharthar-1 | Musaiyib-1 | Mushorah-1 |
| Nahr Umr-3 | Najmah-29 | Pulkhana-5 | Qalian-1 |
| Qarah Chauq-1 | Rachi-1 | Ratawi-1 | Rumaila-4 |
| Rumaila-21 | Safawi-1 | Samara-1 | Sasan-1 |
| Shawiya-1 | Suhain1 Tuba-1 | Zubair-24 | |
| Zubair-31 | Zubair-38 |
VOLUME FOUR – PART ONE
50 wells with basic information on each well, formation thickness and age, production test, show data, and casing intervals.
| Adaiyah-1 | Afaq-1 | Ain Zalah-16 | Ain Zalah-22 |
| Alan-1 | Alan-2 | Anah-2 | Atshan-1 |
| Bai Hassan-6 | Bai Hassan-13 | Butmah-2 | Butmah-7 |
| Chemchemal-2 | Demir Dagh-1 | Dujaila-1 | Fallujah-1 |
| Ghalaisan-1 | Gilabat-1 | Gullar-1 | Gusair-1 |
| Ibrahim-1 | Injana-5 | Jambur-5 | Khleisia-1 |
| Kifl-1 | Kirkuk-109 | Kirkuk-115 | Kirkuk-130 |
| Makhul-2 | Mileh Tharthar-1 | Musaiyib-1 | Mushorah-1 |
| Nahr Umr-3 | Najmah-29 | Pulkhana-5 | Qalian-1 |
| Qarah Chauq-1 | Rachi-1 | Ratawi-1 | Rumaila-4 |
| Rumaila-21 | Safawi-1 | Samara-1 | Sasan-1 |
| Shawiya-1 | Suhain1 Tuba-1 | Zubair-24 | |
| Zubair-31 | Zubair-38 |
VOLUME FOUR – PART TWO
24 wells with basic information on each well, formation thickness with age and general lithology, well status and casing intervals.
| Hibbarah-1 | Hibbarah-2 | Mishraq-1 | Nahr Umr-1 |
| Nahr Umr-2 | Hit-1 | Luhais-1 | Sadid-1 |
| Abu Jir-1 | Anah-1 | Nafatah-1 | Khanuqah-1 |
| Khanuqah-2 | Makhul-1 | Ubaid-1 | Kifl-2 |
| Gilabat-2 | Chemchemal-1 | Hamrin-1 | Khasm al Ahmar-1 |
| Quwair-1 | Taq Taq-1 | Khor Mor-2 | West Qurna-148 |
VOLUME FIVE
14 fields (377 well) with basic information on each well in the field, include formation thickness and age, general lithology, casing and status of each well.
1. Kirkuk Oil Field (Wells Kirkuk-1 to Kirkuk-120 and Kirkuk-133 to Kirkuk-161)
2. Ain Zalah Oil Field (Wells Ain Zalah-1 to Ain Zalah-24).
3. Bai Hassan Oil Field (Wells Bai Hassan-1 to Bai Hassan-23).
4. Jambur Oil Field (Wells Jambur-1 to Jambur-14).
5. Zubair Oil Field (Wells Zubair-1 to Zubair-39).
6. Rumaila Oil Field (Wells Rumaila-1 to Rumaila-39).
7. Butmah Oil Field (Wells Butmah-1 to Butmah-14).
8. Qaiyarah Oil Field (Wells Qaiyarah-1 to Qaiyarah-10 and Qaiyarah-33 to Qaiyarah-38).
9. Qasab Oil Field (Wells Qasab-1 to Qasab-10).
10. Najmah Oil Field (Wells Najmah-1 to Najmah-18 and Najmah-20 to Najmah-28).
11. Jawan Oil Field (Wells Jawan-1 to Jawan-4 and 6,7, and 9).
12. Awasil Oil Field (Wells Awasil-1 to Awasil-5).
13. Injana Oil Field (Wells Injana-1 to Injana-5).
14. Pulkhana Oil Field (Wells Pulkhana-1 to Pulkhana-6).
VOLUME SIX
PART ONE: Bibliography of publications related to petroleum geology of
Iraq.
PART TWO: Geological Abstracts of publications relevant to geology of
Iraq.
VOLUME ONE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract
Chapter 1: An Introductory Overview
Chapter 2: Tectonic Evolution of Iraq
2.1. Tectonic Setting
2.2. Tectonic History
2.3. The Relationship between Tectonism and Depositional Setting
2.4. Unconformities and/or Non-deposition through Geologic Time
2.5. Subdivision and Zonation of Main Tectonic Elements
2.6. The Stable Shelf
2.6.1. Rutba-Jezira Zone
2.6.2. Salman Zone
2.7. The Unstable Shelf
2.7.1. Mesopotamian Zone
2.7.2. Zagros Folded Basin (Foothill Zone)
2.7.3. High Folded Zone
2.8. Geosynclinal Area
2.8.1. The External Zone
2.8.2. The Central Zone
2.8.3. The Internal Zone
Chapter 3: Sedimentary Cycles and their Depositional Setting
PART 1: Sedimentation Cycles
3.1.1. Late Infracambrian Cycle
3.1.2. Ordovician-Silurian Cycle
3.1.3. Devonian Carboniferous Cycle
3.1.4. The Permo Carboniferous - Middle Triassic Cycle
3.1.5. Upper Triassic Middle Jurassic Cycle
3.1.6. Callovian Middle Berriasian Cycle
3.1.7. Late Berriasian Albian Cycle
3.1.8. Cenomanian Lower Campanian Cycle
3.1.9. Upper Campanian Maastrichtian Cycle
3.1.10. Paleocene Lower Eocene Cycle
3.1.11. Middle-Upper Eocene Cycle
3.1.12. Oligocene Cycle
3.1.13. Lower Middle Miocene Cycle
3.1.14. Upper Miocene Pliocene Cycle
PART 2: Stratigraphic Nomenclature Rock Units
3.2.1. Palozoic Formation
3.2.2. Mesozoic Formations
3.2.3. Cenozoic Formations
Chapter 4: Sequence Stratigraphy
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Ordovician Sequence Stratigraphy
4.3. Silurian Sequence Stratigraphy
4.4. Devonian- Carboniferous Sequence Stratigraphy
4.5. Permian Sequence Stratigraphy
4.6. Triassic Sequence Stratigraphy
4.7. Jurassic Sequence Stratigraphy
4.8. Cretaceous Sequence Stratigraphy
4.9. Paleogene Sequence Stratigraphy
4.10. Neogene Sequence Stratigraphy
Chapter 5: Petroleum Exploration, Legislation and Oilfields Summary
5.1. History of Exploration
5.2. Oil and Gas Seepage
5.3. Petroleum Legislation
5.4. Crude Oil Transportation and Pipelines Projects
5.4.1. Kirkuk to Batman Pipeline
5.4.2. Trans Saudi Pipeline
5.4.3. Basrah-Kuwait Pipeline
5.4.4. TMSPE Contract Awarded
5.4.5. Inter-Iraq Pipelines
5.5. Oilfields Summary
5.5.1. Abu Amud Oil Field
5.5.2. Abu Amud East Oil Field
5.5.3. Abu Ghirab Oil Field
5.5.4. Abu Khaimah Oil Field
5.5.5. Ahdab Oil Field
5.5.6. Ain Zalah Oil Field
5.5.7. Akkas Gas Condensate
5.5.8. Alan Oil Field
5.5.9. Al Gharraf Oil Field
5.5.10. Al Najmah Oil Field
5.5.11. Amarah Oil Field
5.5.12. Badra Oil Field
5.5.13. Bai Hassan Oil Field
5.5.14. Balad Oil Field
5.5.15. Butmah Oil Field
5.5.16. Buzurgan Oil Field
5.5.17. Chemchemal Oil Field
5.5.18. Chia Surkh Oil Field
5.5.19. Demir Dagh Oil Field
5.5.20. Dhafriyah Oil Field
5.5.21. Dujaila Oil Field
5.5.22. East Baghdad Oil Field
5.5.23. Falluja Oil Field
5.5.24. Gharraf Oil Field
5.5.25. Gillabat Oil Field
5.5.26. Halfayah Oil Field
5.5.27. Hamrin Oil Field
5.5.28. Huwaiza Oil Field
5.5.29. Injanah Oil Field
5.5.30. Jabal Fauqi Oil Field
5.5.31. Jambur Oil Field
5.5.32. Jdaida Oil Field
5.5.33. Jebel Kand Oil Field
5.5.34. Jerishan Oil Field
5.5.35. Khabbaz Oil Field
5.5.36. Khidar Al Maa Oil Field
5.5.37. Kifl Oil Field
5.5.38. Kirkuk Oil Field
5.5.39. Kor Mor (Al Anfal) Oil Field
5.5.40. Luhais Oil Field
5.5.41. Majnoon Oil Field
5.5.42. Mansuriyah Oil Field
5.5.43. Merjan (Abbas) Oil Field
5.5.44. Naft Khaneh Oil Field
5.5.45. Nahr Umr (Bin Umr) Oil Field
5.5.46. Nasiriya Oil Field
5.5.47. Noor Oil Field
5.5.48. Pulkhana Oil Field
5.5.49. Qaiyarah Group Fields (Qaiyarah, Najmah, Jawan and Qasab Oil Fields)
5.5.50. Qumar Oil Field
5.5.50. Qara Chauq Oil Field
5.5.52. Rachi Oil Field
5.5.53. Rafidain Oil Field
5.5.54. Ratawi Oil Field
5.5.55. Rumaila and Rumaila North Oil Field
5.5.56. Saddam (Ajeel) Oil Field
5.5.57. Safwan Oil Field
5.5.58. Samawa Oil Field
5.5.59. Sassan Oil Field
5.5.60. Siba Oil Field
5.5.61. Suba Oil Field
5.5.62. Sufaiyah Oil Field
5.5.63. Taqtaq Oil Field
5.5.64. Tikrit Oil Field
5.5.65. Tuba Oil Field
5.5.66. West Baghdad Oil Field
5.5.67. West Qurna Oil Field
5.5.68. Zubair Oil Field
Chapter 6: Reservoirs and Seals: Characteristics and Types
6.1. Depositional Environments and their Characteristics
6.2 Reservoir Characteristics
6.3 Main Reservoir Rock Units
6.3.1. Khabour Formation (Middle to Late Ordovician).
6.3.2. Akkas Formation (Silurian):
6.3.3. Chia Zairi Formation (Upper Permian).
6.3.4. Kurra Chine Formation (Late Triassic).
6.3.5. Butmah Formation (Lower Liassic).
6.3.6. Adaiyah Formation (late Liassic).
6.3.7. Mus Formation (Liassic)
6.3.8. Alan Formation (latest Liassic).
6.3.9. Sargelu Formation (Middle Jurassic).
6.3.10. Gotnia Anhydrite Formation (Callovian Lower Kimmeridgian).
6.3.11. Najmah Limestone Formation (Callovian Early Kimmeridgian).
6.3.12. Sulaiy Formation (Portiandian Middle Berriasian).
6.3.13. Yamama Formation (Valanginian).
6.3.14. Chia Gara Formation (Middle Portlandian Berriasian).
6.3.15. Ratawi Formation (Valanginian Hauterivian).
6.3.16. Zubair Formation (Hauterivian to Early Aptian).
6.3.17. Garagu Formation (Berriasian-Valanginian).
6.3.18. Sarmord Formation (Valanginian Aptian).
6.3.19. Shuaiba Formation (Aptian).
6.3.20. Lower Qamchuqa Limestone Formation (Aptian).
6.3.21. Nahr Umr Formation (Albian).
6.3.22. Jawan Formation (Albian).
6.3.23. Mauddud Formation (Albian).
6.3.24. Upper Qamchuqa Formation (Albian).
6.3.25. Ahmadi Formation (Lower Cenomanian).
6.3.26. Rumaila Formation (Cenomanian).
6.3.27. Mishrif Formation (middle to late Cenomanian).
6.3.28. Dokan Limestone Formation (Cenomanian).
6.3.29. Upper Balambo Formation (Cenomanian Turonian).
6.3.30. Kometan Formation (Turonian Lower Senonian).
6.3.31. Mushorah Formation (Lower Senonian Lower Campanian).
6.3.32. Khasib Formation (late Turonian Coniacian).
6.3.33. Tanuma Formation (upper Senonian).
6.3.34. Sa'di Formation (upper Senonian).
6.3.35. Hartha Formation (Upper Campanian Lower Maastrichtian).
6.3.36. Shiranish Formation (Upper Campanian Maastrichtian).
6.3.37. Aaliji Formation (upper Paleocene lower Eocene).
6.3.38. Jaddala Formation (late Lower Eocene to Upper Eocene).
6.3.39. Pila Spi Limestone Formation (Middle Upper Eocene).
6.3.40. Avanah Formation (Middle-Upper Eocene).
6.3.41. Dammam Formation (middle upper Eocene).
6.3.42. Kirkuk Group.
6.3.43. Kalhur Formation (Lower Miocene).
6.3.44. Asmari Formation (Lower Oligocene Lower Miocene).
6.3.45. Serikagni Formation (Lower Miocene).
6.3.46. Ghar Formation (Early Miocene).
6.3.47. Euphrates Limestone Formation (Lower Miocene).
6.3.48. Jeribe Limestone Formation (Middle Miocene).
6.3.49. Lower Fars Formation (Middle Miocene).
6.3.50. Upper Fars Formation (Upper Miocene).
6.4. Seals and Seal Formation
6.5. Main Seal (Cap) Rock Units
6.5.1. Pirispiki Redbeds (Ordovician).
6.5.2. Baluti Formation (Rhaetian).
6.5.3. Adaiyah Formation (Liassic).
6.5.4. Gotnia Formation (Upper Jurassic).
6.5.5. Naokeleken Formation (Upper Jurassic).
6.5.6. Ratawi Formation (Valanginian Hauterivian).
6.5.7. Zubair Formation (Valanginian Barremian).
6.5.8. Nahr Umr Formation (Albian).
6.5.9. Khasib Formation (11hronian).
6.5.10. Shiranish Formation (Maastrichtian).
6.5.11. Aaliji Formation (Paleocene Lower Eocene).
6.5.12. Dhiban Formation (Lower Miocene).
6.5.13. Lower Fars Formation (Middle Miocene).
Chapter 7: Source Rocks and Hydrocarbon Migration and Accumulation
7.1. Source Rocks
7.2. Migration Pathways
7.3. Hydrodynamic Framework
7.4. Geodynamic Evolution to Hydrocarbon Accumulation
7.5. Thermal Maturation
7.6. Estimated Generated Hydrocarbons
7.7. Hydrocarbon Ages, Oil Characteristics and Distribution
7.7.1. Tertiary Oil
7.7.2. Cretaceous Oil
7.7.3. Jurassic Oil
7.7.4. Triassic Oil
7.7.5. Paleozoic Oil and Gas
7.8. Traps and Trapping Mechanisms
Chapter 8: Hydrocarbon Potentials Plays
8.1. Main Hydrocarbon Potential Plays
8.1.1. Paleozoic Clastic Play
8.1.2. Triassic Carbonate Play
8.1.3. Jurassic Carbonate Play
8.1.4. Lower Cretaceous Carbonate Plays
8.1.5. Lower Cretaceous Sandstone Play
8.1.6. Middle Cretaceous Sandstone Play
8.1.7. Middle Cretaceous Carbonate Play
8.1.8. Upper Cretaceous Carbonate Play
8.1.9. Tertiary Carbonate Play
Chapter 9: Summary and Conclusions
9.1. Future Prospects
9.2. Hydrocarbon Habitats
9.2.1. Reservoir Rock Units
9.2.2. Seals
9.2.3. Source Rock Units
9.2.4. Traps
9.2.5. Structures and Culminations
9.2.6. Targets for Developments
9.2.7. Appraised Undeveloped Fields
9.2.8. Reserves
9.3. Oil Provinces Prospects
Chapter 10: References
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER 1: AN INTRODUCTORY OVERVIEW
Figure 1.1. Location map of Iraq with main tectonic regions.
Figure 1.2. Plate tectonic evolutin during Mesozoic-Cenozoic.
Figure 1.3. Generalized stratigraphic chart.
Figure 1.4. Oil and gas fields in Iraq.
CHAPTER 2: TECTONIC EVOLUTION
Figure 2.1. Structural scheme of the Arabian Plate and its margin, showing
tectonic positions of Iraq (Mesopotamian and Zagros).
Figure 2.2. Location map showing the main tectonic regions and hydrocarbon
system of Iraq.
Figure 2.3. Structural cross section extended from Burgan-Ghawar to the
Arabian Shield.
Figure 2.4. Lineament map from the Triassic to the Upper Cretaceous.
Figure 2.5. Lineament map from the Paleocene to Lower Miocene.
Figure 2.6. Lineament map from the Middle Miocene to the Pleistocene.
Figure 2.7. Plate tectonic reconstruction of the Arabian Plate and surrounding
plates showing the tectonic position of Iraq through time.
Figure 2.8. Sketch of plate boundaries in Iraq and adjacent areas.
Figure 2.9. Paleolatitude of Iraq through geologic time.
Figure 2.10. Location of depo-axes (A-C) in Iraq during the Paleozoic
Intra-Cratonic basins stage. And E-W stratigraphic cross-section of the
Cambrian to Lower Permian sediments.
(A) Depo-axes of the Cambo-Ordovician rocks.
(B) Depo-axis of the Famennian-Lower Tounaisian rocks.
(C) Depo-axis of the Upper Tournaisian-Autunian rocks.
Figure 2.11. Location of depo-axes (A-I) in Iraq during the Early Orthogeosynclinal
stage. E-W stratigraphic cross-section of the Kungurian-Lower Tithonian
rocks.
(A) Depo-axis of the Kungurian-Kazanian rocks.
(B) Depo-axis of the Tatarian-Ladinian rocks.
(C) Depo-axis of the Carnian-Rhaetian rocks.
(D) Depo-axis of the Hettangian-Pliensbachian rocks.
(E) Depo-axis of the Toarcian-Lower Aalenian rocks.
(F) Depo-axis of the Upper Aalenian-Bathonian rocks.
(G) Depo-axis of the Callovian-Lower Tithonian rocks during the migeosynclinal
stage.
(H) Depo-axis of the Callovian-Lower Tithonian rocks during the eugeosynclinal
stage.
Figure 2.12. Location of depo-axes (A-F) in Iraq during the Late Orthogeosynclinal
stages. E-W cross-section of the Tithonian-Lower Maastrichtian rocks.
(A) Depo-axis of the Valanginian-Aptian rocks.
(B) Depo-axis of the Tatarian-Ladinian rocks.
(C) Depo-axis of the Albian-Lower Cenomanian rocks during the Miogeosynclinal
stage.
(D) Depo-axis of the Albian-Lower Cenomanian rocks during the Eugeosynclinal
stage.
(E) Depo-axis of the Cenomanian-Lower Turonian rocks during the Miogeosynclinal
stage.
(F) Depo-axis of the Middle Turonian-Lower Maastrichtian rocks during
the Miogeosynclinal stage.
Figure 2.13. Location depo-axes in Iraq during the Late Orthogeosynclinal,
Idiogeosynclinal and Exogeosynclina stages. E-W stratigraphic cross-section
across Iraq.
(A) Miogeosynclinal depo-axis of the Maastrichtian rocks.
(B) Epi eugeosynclinal depo-axes of the Maastrichtian rocks.
(C) Miogeosynclinal depo-axes of the Paleocene-Ypresian rocks.
(D) Epigeosynclinal depo-axes of the Lutetian-Priabonian rocks.
(E) Miogeosynclinal depo-axes of the Lutetian-Prabonian rocks.
(F) Epieugeosynclinal depo-axes of the Lutetian-Proabonian rocks.
(G) Depo-axis of the Oligocene rocks.
(H) Depo-axis of the Aquitanian rocks.
(I) Depo-axis of the Burdigarian rocks.
(J) Depo-axis of the Lower-Middle Miocene rocks.
(K) Depo-axis of the Upper Miocene-Pleistocene rocks.
(L) Present depo-axis of the Holocene sediments.
Figure 2.14. Tectonic subdivisions and zonations of stable shelf, unstable
shelf and geosynclinal areas of Iraq.
Figure 2.15. Transversal block and major transverse faults active during
Mesozoic and Tertiary.
Figure 2.16. Tectonic framework and location of main blocks and ridges
and their ages and positions.
Figure 2.17. Map of the top of the basement (contour depth in kilometers).
Figure 2.18. Gravity Bouguer anomalies map (contour interval 5 m).
Figure 2.19. The local anomaly on Makhul structure that is located along
the southwest margin of the Zagros folded zone.
Figure 2.20. Negative local anomaly that corresponds to anticline structures
of salt tectonic origin in South Iraq.
Figure 2.21. The subsurface style zones in southern Iraq.
(1) Precambrian basement and Infra-Cambrian salt tectonic zone (N-S trend).
(2) Alpine over-thrusting fold zone, (NNW-SSE trend). No activity prior
to Maastrichtian, present during the Late Eocene.
(3) Alpine folded belt zone (NW-SE trend). No growth prior to Miocene.
(4) Transitional zone between the Alpine and the basement fold zone (NNW-SSE
trend). Low closures and no growth earlier that Eocene.
(5) Basement block-zone (NW-SE, NE-SW, NNW-SSE trends), started as early
as Late Tithonian.
(6) Basement block-folding zone (NE-SW trend). Growth from Upper Tithonian
(or probably earlier). Gentle growth until Maastrichtian. Some growth
in Early Tertiary.
(7) Transitional zone between the basement block-folding zone and the
Hàil-Rutbah Arch Zone (N-S trend).
(8) The eastern flank of the Hàil-Rutbah Arch.
(9) The crest of the Hàil-Rutbah Arch.
Figure 2.22. General distribution of Infracambrian-Jurassic and Mioccene
salt tectonic areas of Iraq.
CHAPTER 3: SEDIMENTARY CYCLES AND THEIR DEPOSITIONAL SETTING
Figure 3.1. Structural contour map (in meters) on top of the preserved
Paleozoic sequence, Iraq.
Figure 3.2. Thickness (in meters) inferred from geophysical measurement
and seatened deep boreholes of the preserved Paleozoic sequence as the
difference between the basement and top of Paleozoic, Iraq.
Figure 3.3. Structural contour map (in meters) on top of the Cambro-Ordovician
Khabour Formation, Western Desert, Iraq.
Figure 3.4. Lithostratigraphy and eustatic sea-level of the Paleozoic
formations.
Figure 3.5. Structural contour map (in meters) on top of the preserved
Silurian Akkas Formation, Western Desert, Iraq.
Figure 3.6. Total thickness (in meters) of the preserved Late Devonian-Carboniferous
sequence, Western Desert, Iraq.
Figure 3.7. Total thickness (in meters) of the preserved Late Carboniferous-Early
Permian, Western Desert, Iraq.
Figure 3.8. Structural contour map (in meters) on top of the preserved
Triassic sequence, Iraq.
Figure 3.9. Lithostratigraphy and eustatic sea-level of Triassic-Jurassic
formations.
Figure 3.10. Total thickness map (in meters) of the Lower-Middle (Triassic
sequence), Iraq.
Figure 3.11. Structural contour map (in meters) on top of the Kurra Chine
and Malussa Formation (Triassic), Iraq.
Figure 3.12. Structural contour map (in meters) on top of the Kurra Jurassic
sequence, Iraq.
Figure 3.13. Thickness contour map (in meters) of the Jurassic sequence,
Iraq.
Figure 3.14. Lithostratigraphy and eustatic sea-level of the Cretaceous
formations.
Figure 3.15. Structural contour map (in meters) on top of Early Cretaceous
sequence, Iraq.
Figure 3.16. Thickness contour map (in meters) of theEarly Cretaceous
sequence, Iraq.
Figure 3.17. Thickness contour map (in meters) of the late Cretaceous
(Post-Albian) sequence, Iraq.
Figure 3.18. Lithostratigraphy and Eustatic sea-level of the Cenozoic
formations.
Figure 3.19. Thickness contour map (in meters) of the Paleogene sequence,
Iraq.
Figure 3.20. Structural contour map (in meters) on top of the Paleogene
sequence, Iraq.
Figure 3.21. Thickness contour map (in meters) of the Neogene sequence,
Iraq.
Figure 3.22. Paleography of the Lower-Middle Triassic sediments: Megra
Mir, Beduh, Geli Khana Formations.
Figure 3.23. Paleography of the Upper Triassic sediments: Kurra Chine,
Mulussa, Beluti, Zor Hartha Formations.
Figure 3.24. Paleography of the Liassic sediments: Alan, Mus, Ubaid, Adaiyah,
Butmah, Sanki, Sehkaniyan Formations.
Figure 3.25. Paleography of the Middle Jurassic sediments: Sargelu and
Muhawir Formations.
Figure 3.26. Paleography of the Oxfordian to Kimmeridgian sediments: Najmah,
Gotnia, Naokelekan, Barsarin Formations.
Figure 3.27. Paleography of the Tithonian-Hauterivian sediments: Sulaiy,
Yamama, Makhul, Karimia, Garagu, Sarmord, Ratawi Formations.
Figure 3.28. Paleography of the Barremian-Albian sediments: Zubair, Shuaiba,
Qamchuqa, Balambo and Nahr Umr Formations.
Figure 3.29. Paleography of the Middle Cretaceous sediments: Cenomanian-Turonian:
Ahmadi, Rutbah Sandstone, Rumaila, Balambo, Mishrif, Dokan, Kifl, Mauddud
and Kometan Formations.
Figure 3.30. Paleography of the Upper Cretaceous sediments: Khasib, Tanuma,
Sadi, Shiranish, Hartha, Tayarat, Digma, Mashorah, Aqra-Bakhme and Tanjero
Formations.
Figure 3.31. Paleography of the Paleocene-Lower Eocene sediments: Umm
Er Radhuma, Rus, Aaliji, Kolosh, Sinjar, Khurmala Formations.
Figure 3.32. Paleography of the Middle-Upper Eocene sediments: Jaddala,
Dammam, Avanah, Pila Spi, Gercus, Palani Formations.
Figure 3.33. Paleography of the Oligocene-Lower Miocene sediments: Sheikh
Alas, Bajawan, Anah, Shurau, Azkand, Tarjil, Ibrahim, Ghar, Serikagni,
and Dhiban Evaporites Formations.
Figure 3.34. Paleography of the Middle Miocene sediments: Jeribe, Lower
Fars, Govanda, Merga Formations.
Figure 3.35. Paleography of the Upper Miocene sediments: Upper Fars, Zahra
and Merga Red Beds Formations.
Figure 3.36. Paleography of the Pliocene-Recent sediments: Bakhtiari,
Dibdibba, Merga Red Beds Conglomerate, Auroman Borders Formations.
Figure 3.37. Approximate distribution of Paleozoic subcrop sediments.
CHAPTER 5: PETROLEUM EXPLORATION, LEGISLATION AND OILFIELDS SUMMARY
Figure 5.1. Location map showing the main tectonic regions and hydrocarbon
system of Iraq.
Figure 5.2. Plate tectonic evolution of Middle East region. (A) Distribution
of Middle East plates during Permo-Triassic. (B) Intraplate rifting and
beginning of separation of Middle East during Late Triassic. (C) Opening
of Neotethys (seafloor spreading) and closing Paleotethys (seafloor subduction)
during Jurassic-Middle Cretaceous. (D) Closing of Neotethys (seafloor
subduction),local obduction (Oman), intraplate rifting and separation
of Arabia and India during Late Cretacoeus-Paleocene.
Figure 5.3. Phanerozoic stratigraphic chart.
Figure 5.4. Major oil and gas fields.
CHAPTER 6: RESERVOIRS AND SEALS: CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPES
Figure 6.1. Regional stratigraphic correlation of Paleozoic rock units.
Figure 6.2. Correlation diagram of some exploration wells with locations
of the potential reservoirs and source rocks of the Western Desert.
Figure 6.3. Log general lithology and test results in Butmah and Kurra
Chine formations folded belts-Zagros Basin, Iraq.
Figure 6.4. Columnar section of the Kifl-3, Metiah-1 and Butmah-15 wells
showing the general north-to-south lithology changes in the Kurra Chine
Formation.
Figure 6.5. Preliminary facies map of the Upper Triassic sediments in
Northern Iraq.
Figure 6.6. Lithology and hydrocarbon occurrences in the Najmah and Gotnia
Formations.
Figure 6.7. Facies and thickness variations of the Najmah Formation in
some wells in the Mesopotamian Basin.
Figure 6.8. Cretaceous stratigraphy and their hydrocarbon habitats (reservoir,
source rocks and seals) in Iraq.
Figure 6.9. Palynofacies map and block diagram for the Sulaiy Formation
showing the location of the borehole sections in relatively deep-water
to basinal environments.
Figure 6.10. Log and lithological characteristics of the Yamama Formation.
Figure 6.11. Logs characteristics and sedimentary facies distribution
in Mishrif Formation, West Qurna Field.
Figure 6.12. Facies map of the Yamama Formation in Southern Iraq.
Figure 6.13. Sedimentological model of the Yamama Formation in Southern
Iraq.
Figure 6.14. Isopach map of the Ratawi Formation in Southern Iraq.
Figure 6.15. Stratigraphic cross-section showing relationship of source,
reservoir and cap formations (Tithonian to Aptian).
Figure 6.16. Petrophysical logs and characteristics and cross interpretation
(diagenesis, lithology and depositional interpretation) from the Shuaiba
and Zubair formations, Mesopotamian Basin, Iraq.
Figure 6.17a. Zubair Formation subdivision showing the five members.
Figure 6.17b. Detailed subdivision and logs interpretation of Upper members
of the Zubair Formation in Rumaila Field.
Figure 6.18. Longitudinal dimension which is almost perpendicular to shoreline
of Upper Sandstone Member using electrical logs and general lithology
in Rumaila Field.
Figure 6.19. SW-NE section showing the Barremian-Albian sedimentary sequence
evolution.
Figure 6.20. A typical cyclothem from the Zubair Formation.
Figure 6.21. Isopach of the Zubair Formation.
Figure 6.22. Three dimensional depositon model of the river-dominated
delta in the Zubair Formation in Southern Iraq.
Figure 6.23. Lithologic components of the Qamchuqa Formation in its type
locality, Qamchuqa village, northern Iraq.
Figure 6.24. Major sequence of the Cretaceous sediments from a typical
well in Kirkuk Field, northern Iraq D1, D2 and D3 the first type of discontinuity,
represents and abrupt change in sedimentation from shallow shelf carbonates
to deeper shelf marls, d1 D2 and d3 the first type of discontinuity is
local and represented by variations of sedimentation within the internal
shelf.
Figure 6.25. Diagrammatic section through the Nahr Umr Formation at it’s
type locality, Well Nahr Umr-2.
Figure 6.26. Stratigraphic correlation diagram of the Mauddud Formation.
Figure 6.27. The Upper Albian-Coniacian formations and main lithologies
of the Mesopotamian Basin as compared to Haq et al. (1987) cycles.
Figure 6.28. SW-NE section presenting the sequence evolution of Cenomanian
sedimentary facies.
Figure 6.29. Depositional environments of the Mishrif Formation in the
Nasiriya Field.
Figure 6.30. Description of the Mishrif Formation based on core and well
log West Qurnah-1.
Figure 6.31. Two different-scale sedimentary cycles of the Mishrif Formation
in the well Amarah-1.
Figure 6.32. Lithostratigraphy of the Mishrif Formation at well Rafida-1
in (formerly Abu Amood) oilfield, southern Iraq. Well logs are spontaneous
potential (SP), gamma-ray (GR) and sonic (S). Two major regressive sequences
are identified, each consisting of small-scale sequences, and are divided
by an unconformity.
Figure 6.33. Schematic east-west cross-section showing setting of the
Mishrif Formation in the Mesopotamia Basin during the Cenomanian-Early
Turonian. The general setting is a ramped carbonate platform on which
various depositional subenvironments were developed.
Figure 6.34. Isopach map of the Khasib Formation in the Mesopotamian Basin.
The contour interval is 25 m.
Figure 6.35. Sedimentary cycles of the Turonian-Lower Camapanian sequence
in the Mesopotamian Basin.
Figure 6.36. Distribution of the depositional microfacies of the Khasib-Tanuma-Sa’di
sequence studies in well Muhainya-1.
Figure 6.37. Lithostratigrahic correlation of the three formations studied
showing their distribution along NW-SE traverse parallel to the depositional
axis of the Mesopotamian Basin. The datum is top of the underlying Mishrif
Formation and overlying Hartha Formation.
Figure 6.38. Lithostratigrahic correlation of the Khasib, Tanuma, and
Sa’di formations in an almost E-W traverse perpendicular to the
depositional axis direction, based on electrofacies analysis. The datum
is top of the underlying Mishrif or Kifl Formation.
Figure 6.39. Schematic diagram showing the depositional subenvironments
and their facies during the deposition of the Khasib formations in the
Mesopotamian Basin.
Figure 6.40. Isopach map of the Tanuma Formation in the Mesopotamian Basin.
The contour interval is 25 m.
Figure 6.41. Schematic diagram showing the depositional subenvironments
and their facies during the deposition of the Tanuma Formation in the
Mesopotamian Basin.
Figure 6.42. Isopach map of the Sa’di Formation in the Mesopotamian
Basin. The contour interval is 50 m.
Figure 6.43. Schematic diagram showing the depositional environments and
their facies during the deposition of the Sa’adi Formation in the
Mesopotamian Basin.
Figure 6.44. Diagrammatical section through the Hartha Formation at its
type locality, Well Zubair-3.
Figure 6.45. Electrofacies characteristics, environmental distribution
and stratigraphy of the Hartha Formation, example from Ahdab-1 well.
Figure 6.46. Block diagram showing the distribution of the depositional
environment of the Upper Cretaceous Hartha Formation and its equivalents.
Figure 6.47. Schematic cross section showing the main facies in the “main
limestone” of the Kirkuk Field.
Figure 6.48. Idelaized vertical sequence-model for the Upper Miocene fluvial-tidal
complex of the Upper Fars Formation – Namrin Mountain.
CHAPTER 7: SOURCE ROCKS AND HYDROCARBON MIGRATION AND ACCUMULATION
Figure 7.1. Geochemical log of Sargelu-Naokelekan-Gotnia formations in
well Qura Chuqa-1 showing source bed potential, maturity and hydrocarbon
indications..
Figure 7.2. Geochemical log of Balambo (Late Cretaceous) in well Jambur
18 showing source bed potential, maturity and hydrocarbon indications.
Figure 7.3. Geochemical log of Balambo (Late Cretaceous) in well Pulkhana-5
showing source bed potential, maturity and hydrocarbon indications.
Figure 7.4. Geochemical log of Balambo-Kometan formation in well Injana-5
showing source bed potential, maturity and hydrocarbon indications.
Figure 7.5. Geochemical log of Barsarin and Chia Gara formation in well
Kirkuk-109 showing source bed potential, maturity and hydrocarbon indications.
Figure 7.6. Van Krevelen diagram showing types and evolutionary stages
of kerogens from wells Kirkuk-109, Pulkhana-5 and Qara Dagh-1.
Figure 7.7. Type and evolutionary stage of kerogen from the Upper Jurassic-Cretaceous
source rocks in northern Iraq.
Figure 7.8. Type and evolutionary stage of kerogen from the Upper Jurassic
Sargelu-Naokelekan-Gotnia formations in well Qara Dagha-1.
Figure 7.9. Petroleum potential vs TOC in formations from outcrop and
wells Jabal Kand-1 and Taq Taq-1.
Figure 7.10. Relation between Vertrinite Reflectance (Ro) and depth in
wells Pulkhana-5, Kirkuk-109 and Qara Dagha-1.
Figure 7.11. Capillary gas chromatograms of C15+ n-alkaline from some
source rock samples representing source rock, from Northern Iraq.
Figure 7.12. Relationship between capillary gas chromatograms of C15+
n-alakaline from some source rocks and oil samples.
Figure 7.13. Geochemical log of Ga`ara and Chia Zairi formation in West
Kifl-1.
Figure 7.14. Time-temperature maturation model for the Aalenian-Holocene
in Kirkuk oil fields.
Figure 7.15. Different stages of the formation, maturation, trapping and
preservation of hydrocarbon in Qamchuqa reservoir of the study Kirkuk
area. Source rocks are in Middle and Upper Jurassic formations (Sargelu
and Naokelekan) and in Lower Cretaceous formations (Chia Gara, Lower Sarmord,
Garagu, and Middle Sarmord).
Figure 7.16. Geochemical log of the Khabour-Akkas and Ora-Kiasta-Harur
formations in Well Kheleisia-1.
Figure 7.17. Geochemical log of the Akkas-Ora/Kiasta/Harur and Ga`ara
formations in Well KH5/1.
Figure 7.18. Geochemical log of the Khabour-Akkas formations in Well Akkas-1.
Figure 7.19. Structural cross section and hydrocarbon maturity levels
for selected boreholes from west, central and southern Iraq.
Figure 7.20. Correlation of approximate maturity levels in well Akkas-1
with other wells in Iraq.
Figure 7.21. Diagrammatic cross section across the Mesopotamian zone in
Southern Iraq showing facies changes and hydrocarbon sources, traps and
possible migration paths.
Figure 7.22. Diagram cross section across the stable shelf in western
and central Iraq showing facies distribution, source and reservoir levels
and the possible hydrocarbon migration paths.
Figure 7.23. Oil kitchens and migration paths in Northern Iraq.
Figure 7.24. Present day model migration pathways on top Middle Jurassic
surface. TR contour for End of Kerogen-gas generation (TR 7/0.95) and
onset of oil-gas cracking (TR7/0.01) are shown.
Figure 7.25. Geographic extend of modeled oil generation and expulsion
in Middle Jurassic source rocks at present day.
Figure 7.26. Burial curve of datum at the top of Sargelu Formation for
well Ibrahim-1, geothermal gradients = 1.2 F/100. OGT = oil generating
threshold.
Figure 7.27. Burial curve of datum at the top of Sargelu Formation at
Kirkuk, geothermal gradients = 1.2 F/100. OGT = Oil generating threshold.
POG = Peak generating, EOG = End Oil generating.
Figure 7.28. Burial curve of Datum at the top of Sargelu Formation for
well Samawa-1, geothermal gradients = 1.2 F/100. OGT= Oil generating threshold.
POG = Peak oil generating, EOG = End oil generating.
Figure 7.29. Burial curve of datum at the top of Sargelu Formation for
well Ubaid-1, geothermal gradients = 1.2 F/100. OGT = Oil generating threshold.
POG = Peak oil generating. EOG = End oil generating.
Figure 7.30. Burial curve of datum at the top of Triassic for Butmah-2
well. Geothermal gradient = 1.3 F/100. OGT = Oil generating threshold.
POG = Peak oil generating.
Figure 7.31. Burial curve of datum at the top of Sargelu Formation for
Falluja-1 well. Geothermal gradient = 1.3 F/100. OGT = Oil generating
threshold.
Figure 7.32. The timing oil generation in the northern Arabian Gulf Basin.
Figure 7.33. Geothermal gradient and time-temperature maturation model
of geologic sequence of Tuba-1 well, Iraq.
Figure 7.34. Geothermal gradient and time-temperature maturation model
of geologic sequence of Safawi-1 well, Iraq.
Figure 7.35. Geothermal gradient and time-temperature maturation model
of geologic sequence of Dujaila-1 well, Iraq.
Figure 7.36. Maturity at the top of the Early Cretaceous sequence.
Figure 7.37. Maturity on top of Sulaiy (Makhul) Formation (Lower Cretaceous).
Figure 7.38. Maturity at the top of the Jurassic Sequence.
Figure 7.39. Maturity at the top of the Middle Jurassic Sequence.
Figure 7.40. Hydrocarbon maturity of the Middle-Upper Jurassic Sargelu-Gotnia
Formation.
Figure 7.41. Hydrocarbon maturity at the top of the Triassic Sequence.
Figure 7.42. Hydrocarbon maturity of the Late Triassic Kurra Chine/Mulussa
Formation.
Figure 7.43. Hydrocarbon maturity of the Akkas Formation at the base of
the Silurian sequence.
Figure 7.44. Maturity at the top of the Paleozoic sequence.
Figure 7.45. Structural cross section in Western Desert showing TTI (Time-Temperature
Maturations) and hydrocarbon occurrences).
Figure 7.46. Structural cross section in Western Desert showing TTI (Time-temperature
maturations) and hydrocarbon occurrences.
Figure 7.47. Modeled thermal maturity of Middle-Jurassic source rocks
at present day.
Figure 7.48. Oil and Kerogen-gas formation and thermal curves depicting
timing and temperature of major petroleum-generations events, and extent
of petroleum generation at Zubair Field.
Figure 7.49. Oil and Kerogen-gas formation and thermal curves depicting
timing and temperature of major petroleum-generations events, and extent
of petroleum generation at Khashim Al Ahmar Field.
Figure 7.50. Oil and Kerogen-gas formation and thermal curves depicting
timing and temperature of major petroleum-generations events, and extent
of petroleum generation at Kirkuk Field (Baba Dome).
Figure 7.51. Burial-thermal history of Jurassic source rocks in Khashim
Al Ahmar Field.
Figure 7.52. Burial-thermal history of Jurassic source rocks in Zubair
Field.
Figure 7.53. Burial-thermal history of Jurassic source rocks in Kirkuk
Field (Baba Dome).
Figure 7.54. Correlation diagram of deep Paleozoic wells in Western Desert
showing the potential source rocks in the Khabour and Akkas formations.
Figure 7.55. Scheme of hydrocarbon generation potential predicted from
stratigraphical variations in kerogen types. Paleoenvironments, Maturation,
Assessments and total organic carbon (TOC) in Khabour Formation of well
Akkas-1. Abbreviation are OM = organic matter, TAI = thermal alteration
index, VRo = vitrinite reflectance value.
Figure 7.56. Scheme of hydrocarbon generation potential of Khabur Formation
at well Khleisia-1.
Figure 7.57. Scheme of hydrocarbon generation potential of Akkas Formation
at well Akkas-1.
Figure 7.58. Approximate hydrocarbon distribution in Iraq.
Figure 7.59. Model of the burial history of the Akkas-1 well indicates
that basal Silurian “hot” shale source rock has remained in
the oil generation window since the Late Paleozoic.
CHAPTER 8: HYDROCARBON POTENTIALS PLAYS
Figure 8.1. Ordovician-Silurian hydrocarbon prospect in Western Desert
showing residual anomalies (black), and faults. Exploration oil well (●)
and water well (+).
Figure 8.2. Late Permian hydrocarbon prospects. Showing anticlinal anomalies
(black), and faults. Exploration oil well (●) and water well (+).
Figure 8.3. Triassic-Early Jurassic hydrocarbon prospects: Anticlinal
anomalies (black), Oil (diamond) and oil shows (Triangle). Exploration
oil well (●) and water well (+).
Figure 8.4. Middle-Late Jurassic hydrocarbon prospects: Anticlinal anomalies
(black) and Oil (diamond). Exploration oil well (●) and water well
(+).
Figure 8.5. Early Cretaceous Yamama Carbonate Formation hydrocarbon prospects:
Anticlinal anomalies (black), and Oil (diamond). Exploration oil well
(●) and water well (+).
Figure 8.6. Early Cretaceous Zubair Sandstone Formation hydrocarbon prospects:
Anticlinal anomalies (black), and Oil (diamond). Exploration oil well
(●) and water well (+).
Figure 8.7. Miocene Carbonates hydrocarbon prospects: Anticlinal anomalies
(black). Exploration oil well (●) and water well (+).
Figure 8.8. Oligocene Carbonates hydrocarbon prospects: Anticlinal anomalies
(black), and Oil (diamond). Exploration oil well (●) and water well
(+).
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER 2: TECTONIC EVOLUTION
2.1. Stages of tectonics, types and rates of sedimentation and their depo-axes
in Iraq.
2.2. Tectonic Development of Stable Shelf Area, Iraq.
2.3. Tectonic Development of Unstable Shelf Area, Iraq.
2.4. Tectonic Development in the Geosynclinal Areas of north-northeast
Iraq.
CHAPTER 4: SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY
4.1. Sequence Stratigraphy.
CHAPTER 5: PETROLEUM EXPLORATION, LEGISLATION AND OILFIELDS SUMMARY
5.1. Iraq oil fields: Awarded contracts and memoranda of understanding.
5.2. History of exploration activities.
5.3. Historical record of petroleum exploration wells and their results,
Iraq.
5.4. Crude production and reserves.
5.5. Major producing fields.
5.6. Non-producing fields.
5.7. The present optimum field rates and well potentials in MBOPD (1000
BOPD).
5.8. Reservoir engineering test in Abu Amud Field.
5.9. Reservoir engineering test in Abu Amud East Field.
5.10. Reservoir engineering test in Dujaila Field.
5.11. Reservoir engineering test in Halfayah Field.
5.12. Reservoir engineering test in Huwaiza Field.
5.13. Reservoir engineering test in Nahr Umr Field.
5.14. Reservoir engineering test in Nasiriya Field.
5.15. Reservoir engineering test in Rachi Field.
5.16. Reservoir engineering test in Ratawi Field.
5.17. Reservoir engineering test in Zubair Field.
CHAPTER 6: RESERVOIRS AND SEALS: CHARACTERISTICS AND TYPES
6.1. Main reservoirs: their characteristics, ages and occurrences in different
fields and discoveries.
6.2. Oil and gas shows of some non-commercial or marginally commercial
formations.
6.3. Oil and gas shows from the Kurra Chine Formation.
6.4. Oil and gas shows from the Butmah Formation.
6.5. Oil and gas shows from the Adaiyah Formation.
6.6. Oil and gas shows from the Mus Formation.
6.7. Oil and gas shows from the Alan Formation.
6.8. Oil and gas shows from the Sargelu Formation.
6.9. Oil and gas shows from the Gotnia Formation.
6.10. Oil and gas shows from the Najmah Formation.
6.11. Oil and gas shows from the Sulaiy Formation.
6.12. Production test results from Yamama Formation.
6.13. Oil and gas shows from the Yamama Formation.
6.14. Oil and gas shows from the Chia Gara Formation.
6.15. Oil and gas shows from the Ratawi Formation.
6.16. Average porosity (%) of the Zubair Formation in some fields.
6.17. Oil and gas shows from the Zubair Formation.
6.18. Oil and gas shows from the Garagu Formation.
6.19. Oil shows from the Sarmord Formation.
6.20. Oil shows from the Shuaiba Formation.
6.21. Oil shows from the Lower Qamchuqa Formation.
6.22. Oil shows from the Nahr Umr Formation.
6.23. Oil and gas shows from the Jawan Formation.
6.24. Oil shows from the Mauddud Formation.
6.25. Oil shows from the Ahmadi Formation.
6.26. Oil shows from the Rumaila Formation.
6.27. Average porosity (%) of the Mishrif Formation in some fields.
6.28. Oil and gas shows from the Mishrif Formation.
6.29. Oil and gas shows from the Sadi Formation.
6.30. Oil and gas shows from the Hartha Formation.
6.31. Oil shows from the Shiranish Formation.
6.32. Oil shows from the Aaliji Formation.
6.33. Oil and gas shows from the Jaddala Formation.
6.34. Oil and gas shows from the Lower Fars Formation.
6.35. Oil shows from the Dibdibba Formation.
CHAPTER 7: SOURCE ROCKS AND HYDROCARBON MIGRATION AND ACCUMULATION
7.1. Results of vanadium and nickel concentrations in oil from the Iraqi
oil fields.
7.2. Geochemical analysis showing Contents of bromine, vanadium and nickel
in oils from some Iraqi oil fields.
7.3. Average range of total TOC, petroleum potential and production index
from some wells in northern Iraq.
7.4. Geochemical results from Jurassic formations in Kirkuk-109 well.
7.5. Geochemical results from Balambo Formation in Pulkahna-5 well.
7.6. Main pyrolysis analysis used in source rock evaluation.
7.7. Maturation characterization and kerogen analysis.
7.8. Fluids distribution in Tertiary and Cretaceous reservoirs in Iraq.
7.9. Comparative influence of subsidence on the evolution of the basal
Cretaceous source-rocks in Iraq.
7.10. Calculation of present TTI values of geological model in well Tuba-1.
7.11. Calculation of present TTI values of geological model in well Safawi-1.
7.12. Calculation of present TTI values of geological model in well Dujaila-1.
7.13. Iraq's recoverable oil reserves.
7.14. Amount of oil and gas generated by the various source levels.
CHAPTER 8: HYDROCARBON POTENTIALS PLAYS
8.1. Hydrocarbon Potential plays.